Sound propagates underwater primarily through compression waves, where the pressure of the water is alternately increased and decreased, causing the water particles to move back and forth.

The speed of sound in seawater is primarily influenced by temperature, with warmer water generally having a higher sound speed than colder water.

Refraction is the bending of sound waves as they travel through water due to changes in temperature and pressure, causing the sound waves to travel in a curved path.

Sonar is primarily used to detect underwater objects, such as submarines, ships, and marine life, by emitting sound waves and analyzing the reflected signals.

Multibeam sonar uses multiple sound beams to create a detailed image of the underwater environment, providing information about the seafloor topography, underwater structures, and marine life.

Seismic reflection profiling is the primary method used in marine geophysics to study the structure and composition of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean by sending sound waves into the seafloor and analyzing the reflected signals.

P-waves are a type of seismic wave that travels through the Earth's crust and is commonly used in seismic reflection profiling due to their ability to penetrate deep into the subsurface.

Magnetic anomaly mapping involves measuring the Earth's magnetic field to infer information about the underlying geology, such as the presence of magnetic minerals and variations in the Earth's crustal structure.

Gravity anomaly mapping involves measuring variations in the Earth's gravitational field caused by differences in the density of the underlying rocks and structures, providing information about the subsurface geology.

Heat flow measurements involve measuring the flow of heat from the Earth's interior to the surface, providing information about the thermal properties of the subsurface and the geodynamic processes occurring within the Earth.

Seismic waves during an earthquake are primarily generated by the sudden release of energy along a fault, where tectonic plates move abruptly, causing the ground to shake.

S-waves are a type of seismic wave characterized by a side-to-side motion of the ground, causing horizontal shaking during an earthquake.

The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake's focus, where the seismic waves reach the surface.

The moment magnitude scale is commonly used to measure the strength of an earthquake based on the energy released, providing a more accurate representation of the earthquake's size.

The intensity scale is used to measure the shaking intensity experienced at a particular location during an earthquake, based on the observed effects on people, structures, and the environment.