Excessive irrigation, particularly with water high in salts, can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil, resulting in soil alkalinity.

The Indo-Gangetic Plains, due to its intensive agriculture and excessive irrigation, is the most affected region in India by soil alkalinity.

Soil alkalinity can reduce the availability of essential nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, making them less accessible to plants.

Rice is a crop that is particularly sensitive to soil alkalinity, as it requires a slightly acidic to neutral soil pH for optimal growth.

Application of gypsum (calcium sulfate) is the primary management practice to address soil alkalinity, as it helps to neutralize the alkaline conditions and improve soil structure.

Crop rotation helps in managing soil alkalinity by breaking the disease cycle, reducing soil erosion, and improving soil fertility, all of which contribute to overall soil health.

Organic matter plays a crucial role in mitigating soil alkalinity by reducing soil pH, enhancing soil microbial activity, and improving soil structure, all of which contribute to the overall health and productivity of the soil.

Gypsum (calcium sulfate) is commonly used as a soil amendment to reduce soil alkalinity, as it helps to neutralize the alkaline conditions and improve soil structure.

Soil alkalinity can decrease soil biodiversity by affecting the survival and activity of beneficial soil organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and earthworms, which play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and soil health.

Managing soil alkalinity requires a long-term approach that includes the application of chemical amendments, adoption of sustainable irrigation practices, and crop diversification, all of which contribute to improving soil health and reducing alkalinity over time.

Excessive irrigation, particularly with water high in salts, can lead to the accumulation of salts in the soil, resulting in soil salinization.

The Indo-Gangetic Plains, due to its intensive agriculture and excessive irrigation, is the most affected region in India by soil salinization.

Soil salinization can reduce crop growth by affecting water uptake, nutrient availability, and overall plant physiology, leading to reduced yields and stunted growth.

Rice is a crop that is particularly sensitive to soil salinization, as it requires a well-drained soil with low salt content for optimal growth.

Leaching, which involves the application of excess water to flush out salts from the soil profile, is the primary management practice to address soil salinization.