Climate change leads to increased absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reduced phytoplankton growth, and warming ocean temperatures. These factors collectively contribute to the increase in ocean acidity.

Coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification because the acidic conditions hinder their ability to build and maintain their calcium carbonate skeletons.

Coral bleaching is primarily caused by increased ocean temperatures, which stress corals and cause them to expel the symbiotic algae that provide them with nutrients and color.

Sea level rise contributes to marine pollution through inundation of coastal areas and release of pollutants, increased erosion and sediment runoff, and displacement of marine life and disruption of ecosystems.

Microplastics, small plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in size, are primarily caused by the breakdown of larger plastic waste in the marine environment.

Climate change exacerbates the impacts of marine pollution through increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, changes in ocean currents and circulation patterns, and warming ocean temperatures.

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) is the primary international agreement that aims to reduce marine pollution from ships.

Shipping activities, including oil tanker accidents and routine operations, are the primary source of oil pollution in the marine environment.

Climate change affects the distribution and abundance of marine species through shifts in species ranges and habitats, changes in reproductive cycles and behavior, and increased competition for resources.

Coral reefs, mangrove forests, and seagrass beds are all particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and warming ocean temperatures.

Climate change contributes to the release of toxic chemicals from marine sediments through increased frequency and intensity of storms, warming ocean temperatures, and changes in ocean currents and circulation patterns.

Nutrient pollution, primarily caused by agricultural runoff, is a major type of marine pollution that can lead to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms.

The effectiveness of MPAs in protecting marine ecosystems under climate change depends on a variety of factors, including the specific MPA design, location, and climate change impacts in the region.

The Paris Agreement is the primary international agreement that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.

Heavy metal contamination in the marine environment can come from natural sources, such as weathering of rocks and minerals, as well as from human activities, such as industrial and mining activities and atmospheric deposition.