Portfolio investment is not considered FDI as it does not involve the establishment of a lasting interest in a foreign company.

Greenfield investment involves the establishment of a new company in a foreign country, starting from the ground up.

Mergers and acquisitions involve the purchase of a controlling stake in an existing foreign company, resulting in a change in ownership and management.

A joint venture involves the formation of a new company or project through a partnership between a foreign investor and a local company.

Portfolio investment involves the purchase of a minority stake in a foreign company, without any significant influence over its management or operations.

Greenfield investment is often preferred in developing countries as it allows foreign investors to establish new businesses and create employment opportunities.

Mergers and acquisitions are more common in developed countries, where there are many existing companies that can be acquired.

Greenfield investment often involves the transfer of new technologies and expertise to the host country.

Greenfield investment typically involves the establishment of new businesses, which leads to job creation.

Portfolio investment often involves the repatriation of profits to the home country of the investor.

Joint ventures typically involve the sharing of management control between the foreign investor and the local partner.

Greenfield investment often involves the transfer of intellectual property, such as patents and trademarks, to the host country.

Greenfield investment often involves the development of new infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and power plants.

Joint ventures often involve the transfer of skills and knowledge to local partners, promoting local entrepreneurship.

Greenfield investment often involves the training and development of local employees, leading to the development of local skills and expertise.