In a vegan diet, protein is primarily obtained from plant-based sources such as legumes (e.g., beans, lentils), nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Rice and beans, when combined, form a complete protein source for vegans, providing all the essential amino acids needed by the body.

Leafy green vegetables, such as kale, spinach, and collard greens, are rich sources of calcium in a vegan diet.

Lentils are an excellent source of iron for vegans, providing a significant amount of this essential mineral per serving.

Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, so vegans need to obtain it from fortified plant-based foods, such as fortified cereals, nutritional yeast, or fortified plant-based milk.

Flaxseeds are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which can be converted into EPA and DHA in the body.

Tofu is made from soybeans, which are soaked, ground, and then coagulated with a coagulant, such as calcium sulfate or magnesium chloride.

Tempeh, seitan, and Quorn are all popular meat substitutes in vegan cuisine, made from soybeans, wheat gluten, and mycoprotein, respectively.

Seitan is made from wheat gluten, which is the protein component of wheat flour. It is obtained by washing away the starch from wheat flour, leaving behind the gluten.

Almond milk, soy milk, and oat milk are all popular dairy alternatives in vegan cooking, made from almonds, soybeans, and oats, respectively.

Tempeh is made from soybeans, which are fermented with a mold called Rhizopus oligosporus. This fermentation process gives tempeh its unique flavor and texture.

Flax eggs, chia eggs, and aquafaba (the liquid from canned chickpeas) are all common egg substitutes in vegan baking, providing binding and thickening properties.

Aquafaba is the liquid from canned chickpeas. It is a versatile ingredient that can be used as an egg substitute in baking, as a thickener in sauces, or as a meringue substitute in desserts.

Cashew cheese, almond cheese, and soy cheese are all popular vegan cheese alternatives, made from cashews, almonds, and soybeans, respectively.

Cashew cheese is made from cashews, which are soaked and blended until smooth. It can be flavored with various herbs, spices, and nutritional yeast to create different cheese varieties.