Coral polyps, tiny marine invertebrates, are the primary builders of coral reefs. They secrete calcium carbonate, forming hard exoskeletons that accumulate over time, creating the intricate structures of coral reefs.

Fringing reefs are coral reefs that directly border the shoreline, forming a continuous, elongated structure parallel to the coast. They are typically narrow and closely associated with the mainland or islands.

Coral polyps and certain species of algae engage in a mutualistic relationship, where both organisms benefit from each other. The algae provide the coral polyps with nutrients through photosynthesis, while the coral polyps offer the algae a protected environment and access to sunlight.

Overfishing is a major threat to coral reefs, as it disrupts the delicate balance of the ecosystem. However, it is not a direct threat to coral reefs, unlike climate change, pollution, and coral bleaching, which can cause significant damage and degradation to coral reef ecosystems.

Coral bleaching is primarily caused by increased water temperature, often due to climate change. When water temperatures rise above the optimal range for coral survival, they expel the symbiotic algae that provide them with nutrients and color, leading to coral bleaching and potential death.

The Great Barrier Reef, located off the coast of Australia, is the largest coral reef system in the world. It stretches for over 2,300 kilometers and is home to an incredibly diverse array of marine life.

Coral accretion is the process by which coral reefs grow and expand over time. It involves the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons produced by coral polyps, as well as the deposition of sediment and other materials.

Patch reefs are not a type of coral reef structure. They are small, isolated coral formations that are typically found in deeper waters and are not connected to the shoreline or other coral reef structures.

Coral reef biodiversity refers to the diverse array of marine organisms that inhabit coral reef ecosystems. This includes a wide range of species, from fish and invertebrates to algae and microorganisms, all contributing to the ecological balance and functioning of coral reefs.

Coral reefs do not produce oxygen through photosynthesis. They rely on symbiotic algae for photosynthesis, which provides them with nutrients and energy. However, coral reefs play crucial roles in providing habitat, supporting fisheries, protecting coastlines, and contributing to global biodiversity.

Coral reef degradation refers to the process by which coral reefs are damaged or destroyed due to human activities or natural events. This can include factors such as pollution, overfishing, climate change, and natural disasters, which can lead to the loss of coral cover and the decline of coral reef ecosystems.

Promoting coral reef restoration and transplantation is not a conservation measure aimed at protecting coral reefs. While these efforts can be used to restore damaged reefs and support coral growth, the primary focus of coral reef conservation is on preventing degradation and addressing the root causes of reef decline, such as pollution, overfishing, and climate change.

Coral reef restoration refers to the process by which coral reefs recover from damage or degradation. This can involve active interventions such as coral transplantation, as well as passive measures such as reducing human impacts and allowing natural recovery processes to take place.

Tuna are not a common type of coral reef fish. They are typically found in open waters and are not closely associated with coral reef ecosystems. Clownfish, angelfish, and parrotfish, on the other hand, are commonly found in coral reefs.

Coral reef resilience refers to the ability of coral reefs to adapt to changing environmental conditions and maintain their structure and function. This can involve physiological, ecological, and genetic adaptations that allow corals to withstand stress and recover from disturbances.