Increased vegetation cover

Reduced building density

Higher levels of air pollution

Concentration of heat-absorbing materials

Reduced energy consumption

Improved air quality

Increased risk of heat-related illnesses

Enhanced urban biodiversity

It improves air quality by reducing air pollution

It has no significant impact on air quality

It worsens air quality by increasing ozone and smog formation

It enhances air quality by increasing oxygen levels

There is a positive correlation, with higher urbanization leading to a more intense urban heat island effect

There is a negative correlation, with higher urbanization leading to a less intense urban heat island effect

There is no significant relationship between urbanization and the intensity of the urban heat island effect

The relationship varies depending on the specific urban context

Increasing the use of air conditioning in urban areas

Planting more trees and vegetation in urban areas

Using reflective materials on building surfaces

Reducing the number of vehicles in urban areas

It increases energy consumption due to higher cooling needs

It decreases energy consumption due to lower heating needs

It has no significant impact on energy consumption

It varies depending on the specific climate and building characteristics

Increased wind speeds

Higher levels of humidity

Presence of water bodies

Reduced vegetation cover

Urban-rural temperature gradient

Urban-rural heat island effect

Urban-rural temperature differential

Urban-rural climate disparity

Reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases

Increased prevalence of respiratory illnesses

Enhanced immune system function

Improved mental well-being

It promotes biodiversity by creating diverse microclimates

It has no significant impact on urban biodiversity

It negatively impacts biodiversity by altering habitats and increasing stress on species

It enhances biodiversity by attracting new species to urban areas

Encouraging the use of personal vehicles

Promoting the development of green roofs and walls

Reducing the number of trees and vegetation in urban areas

Increasing the amount of impervious surfaces

It reduces smog and air pollution by dispersing pollutants

It has no significant impact on smog and air pollution

It worsens smog and air pollution by increasing the concentration of pollutants

It improves air quality by reducing the amount of particulate matter

Increased evapotranspiration from vegetation

Reduced albedo of urban surfaces

Enhanced wind speeds in urban areas

Higher levels of precipitation in urban areas

It leads to increased precipitation and humidity

It has no significant impact on the local climate

It results in higher temperatures and reduced humidity

It enhances cloud cover and reduces solar radiation

Enhanced durability of infrastructure due to higher temperatures

Increased risk of damage to infrastructure due to heat stress

Improved performance of infrastructure due to reduced energy demand

Reduced maintenance costs for infrastructure due to milder weather conditions