The primary writing instrument used in calligraphy is the pen, which can be made from various materials such as bamboo, reed, or metal.

India ink is a type of permanent ink that is commonly used in calligraphy due to its rich, black color and water-resistant properties.

The nib of a calligraphy pen is responsible for creating different line widths, allowing the calligrapher to achieve a variety of artistic effects.

Parchment, made from animal skin, was the traditional writing surface used in calligraphy due to its durability and smooth texture.

A ruling pen is used in calligraphy to create straight lines, which are essential for many calligraphic scripts.

Traditionally, ink for calligraphy was prepared by grinding solid ink sticks on a stone with a small amount of water, creating a smooth and consistent ink mixture.

A blotter is used in calligraphy to absorb excess ink from the writing surface, preventing smudging and ensuring a clean and crisp appearance.

Traditionally, calligraphy brushes were made from animal hair, such as squirrel, goat, or sable, due to their flexibility and ability to hold a good amount of ink.

A mahlstick is a long, slender stick that is used to support the hand while writing, providing stability and preventing smudging.

The traditional writing position for calligraphy is sitting upright at a desk, with the writing surface at a comfortable angle and the feet flat on the floor.

A calligraphy guide sheet is a transparent sheet with guidelines that is placed underneath the writing surface to provide a template for writing, ensuring consistent letterforms and spacing.

Traditionally, calligraphy pen nibs were sharpened using a whetstone, which is a fine-grained abrasive stone that creates a smooth and sharp edge.

A calligraphy ruler is a specialized ruler with markings that help the calligrapher create straight lines and maintain consistent letter spacing.

Traditionally, calligraphy inkwells were made from ceramic materials, such as porcelain or pottery, due to their durability and ability to hold ink without absorbing it.

A calligraphy eraser is a specialized eraser designed to remove ink from the writing surface without damaging the paper or parchment.