The primary cause of sea-level rise in the context of climate change is the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, particularly in Greenland and Antarctica, due to rising global temperatures.

Sea-level rise can lead to increased flooding and inundation of coastal areas, saline intrusion into freshwater aquifers, and erosion of coastal landforms, all of which can have significant impacts on coastal infrastructure.

A storm surge is a sudden rise in sea level caused by a storm, typically a tropical cyclone or hurricane. It is a combination of high waves and storm surge that can cause significant damage to coastal infrastructure.

Coastal erosion is the wearing away of coastal landforms by waves, tides, and currents. It can be accelerated by sea-level rise and storm surges, and can lead to the loss of coastal infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and buildings.

Adaptation strategies for coastal infrastructure in the face of climate change include building seawalls and levees to protect infrastructure from flooding, raising the elevation of infrastructure to reduce the risk of flooding, and relocating infrastructure away from vulnerable coastal areas.

Management approaches for coastal infrastructure in the face of climate change include implementing coastal setback policies to restrict development in vulnerable areas, requiring new coastal infrastructure to be built to withstand the impacts of climate change, and developing emergency response plans for coastal infrastructure in the event of extreme weather events.

Some of the challenges in assessing the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include lack of data on the impacts of climate change on coastal infrastructure, uncertainty in future climate projections, and the complexity of coastal systems.

Some of the key factors to consider when assessing the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include the location and elevation of infrastructure, the design and construction standards of infrastructure, and the age and condition of infrastructure.

Some of the potential consequences of not addressing the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include increased damage to coastal infrastructure from extreme weather events, loss of coastal infrastructure and services, and displacement of coastal communities.

Some of the best practices for assessing the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include the use of climate change projections and scenarios, consideration of multiple hazards and stressors, and engagement of stakeholders in the assessment process.

Some of the key challenges in adapting coastal infrastructure to climate change include the high cost of adaptation measures, technical and engineering challenges, and lack of political will and public support.

Some of the potential benefits of adapting coastal infrastructure to climate change include reduced damage to coastal infrastructure from extreme weather events, protection of coastal communities and ecosystems, and increased resilience of coastal economies.

Some of the key policy and regulatory frameworks for addressing the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, national and regional policies and regulations, and local government regulations and zoning ordinances.

Some of the key stakeholders involved in addressing the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include government agencies, coastal communities, private sector companies, and non-governmental organizations.

Some of the key research needs related to the vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to climate change include improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on coastal infrastructure, development of new adaptation strategies and technologies, and assessment of the costs and benefits of adaptation measures.