Expectancy Theory posits that an individual's motivation to exert effort towards a goal is primarily determined by their belief in their ability to achieve that goal. This belief is known as expectancy.

Expectancy Theory states that individuals are more likely to exert effort towards a goal if they believe that their effort will lead to the successful achievement of that goal. In other words, expectancy is positively related to effort.

Expectancy Theory states that individuals are more likely to exert effort towards a goal if they value the outcomes associated with achieving that goal. In other words, valence is positively related to effort.

Expectancy Theory consists of three key components: expectancy, valence, and instrumentality. Goal-Setting is not a component of Expectancy Theory.

Instrumentality refers to the individual's belief that their effort will lead to the successful achievement of the goal. In other words, instrumentality determines the relationship between effort and performance.

Expectancy Theory posits that the most important factor in determining an individual's motivation to exert effort towards a goal is their belief in their ability to achieve that goal. This belief is known as expectancy.

A high expectancy goal is a goal that an individual believes they have a high chance of achieving. Getting a promotion at work is an example of a high expectancy goal for someone who is confident in their abilities and has a track record of success in their career.

A low expectancy goal is a goal that an individual believes they have a low chance of achieving. Becoming a professional athlete is an example of a low expectancy goal for someone who has no prior experience in sports or who is not naturally athletic.

A high valence goal is a goal that an individual values highly. Winning a lottery is an example of a high valence goal for someone who dreams of financial freedom and the opportunities it would bring.

A low valence goal is a goal that an individual does not value highly. Losing 20 pounds in a month is an example of a low valence goal for someone who is not concerned about their weight or who does not value the health benefits of weight loss.

A high instrumentality goal is a goal that an individual believes they can achieve through their own effort. Getting a promotion at work is an example of a high instrumentality goal for someone who is confident in their abilities and who believes that their hard work will be rewarded.

A low instrumentality goal is a goal that an individual believes they cannot achieve through their own effort. Becoming a professional athlete is an example of a low instrumentality goal for someone who has no prior experience in sports or who is not naturally athletic.

Expectancy Theory posits that the most effective way to increase an individual's motivation to exert effort towards a goal is to increase their belief in their ability to achieve that goal. This can be done through providing positive feedback, setting realistic goals, and helping the individual to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to achieve the goal.

Expectancy Theory is a limited theory of motivation in that it does not take into account the role of personality traits, situational factors, and social factors in motivation. These factors can all play a significant role in an individual's motivation to exert effort towards a goal.

Expectancy Theory is widely used in the fields of organizational behavior and educational psychology because it is easy to understand and apply, it has been shown to be an effective predictor of motivation, and it provides a comprehensive framework for understanding motivation.