Pipelines are the most efficient and economical way to transport large volumes of crude oil over long distances.

Petroleum storage facilities serve multiple purposes, including storing crude oil before refining, storing refined petroleum products, and blending different types of petroleum products.

Above-ground storage tanks are commonly used for storing large volumes of crude oil due to their ease of construction and maintenance.

The transportation of petroleum products poses several safety concerns, including fire and explosion hazards, environmental pollution, and health risks to workers.

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is responsible for overseeing the transportation and storage of petroleum products in the United States.

Cathodic protection systems are used to prevent corrosion of metal structures in petroleum storage facilities by applying a protective current to the metal surface.

Ball valves are commonly used to control the flow of petroleum products in pipelines due to their quick operation and low maintenance requirements.

Vapor recovery systems are used to capture and recycle vapors released during the storage and handling of petroleum products in order to reduce air pollution and conserve resources.

Underground storage tanks are commonly used for storing refined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel due to their ability to minimize evaporation losses and protect the products from temperature fluctuations.

Leak detection systems are used to detect leaks in storage tanks and pipelines in order to prevent environmental contamination and ensure the safety of personnel.

All types of pipelines, including above-ground, underground, and subsea pipelines, are used for transporting petroleum products over long distances.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to monitor and control the operation of petroleum storage facilities, including the flow of petroleum products, the level of stored products, and the temperature of stored products.

Spherical storage tanks are commonly used for storing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) due to their ability to withstand high pressures and their compact design.

Fire protection systems in petroleum storage facilities are designed to prevent fires from starting, detect and suppress fires, and evacuate personnel in the event of a fire.