Homo sapiens, also known as modern humans, are the direct ancestors of present-day humans. They emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago and eventually spread to other parts of the world.

Lucy is the nickname given to the fossilized remains of Australopithecus afarensis, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974. It is one of the most complete hominin fossils ever found and is estimated to be around 3.2 million years old.

Bipedalism, or the ability to walk upright on two legs, is a defining characteristic of humans. It allows for efficient movement, freeing up the hands for tool use and other activities.

Natural selection is the driving force behind human evolution. It favors individuals with traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success in a given environment.

Homo neanderthalensis, also known as Neanderthals, are an extinct hominin species that lived in Eurasia during the Pleistocene epoch. They are characterized by their prominent brow ridge, stocky build, and adaptations to cold climates.

Koobi Fora is an archaeological site in Kenya where the remains of Turkana Boy, a Homo erectus fossil dating back approximately 1.6 million years, were discovered. It is a significant site for studying early human evolution.

Homo erectus, also known as Peking Man, is associated with the development of stone tools and the emergence of hunting and gathering as a subsistence strategy. They are believed to have been the first hominins to leave Africa and spread to other parts of the world.

The Cognitive Revolution refers to the cultural and technological advancements that occurred during the Upper Paleolithic period, around 50,000 years ago. It is characterized by the emergence of symbolic thought, language, art, and more complex tools.

Homo sapiens, modern humans, are known for their association with cave paintings and other forms of artistic expression. These artistic creations provide insights into their cognitive and symbolic abilities.

Zhoukoudian is an archaeological site in China where the remains of Peking Man, an early Homo erectus fossil, were discovered. It is a significant site for studying early human evolution in Asia.

Homo sapiens, modern humans, are associated with the development of agriculture and the transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a settled lifestyle. This transition, known as the Neolithic Revolution, occurred around 10,000 years ago.

Adaptation is the process by which hominins adapted to different environments and developed unique traits that enhanced their survival and reproductive success in those environments.

Homo sapiens, modern humans, are known for their association with the development of complex social structures and the emergence of civilization. This includes the development of writing, art, architecture, and political systems.

Dmanisi is an archaeological site in Georgia where the remains of early hominins, including Homo erectus and Homo habilis, were discovered. It is a significant site for studying the early dispersal of hominins out of Africa.

Homo sapiens, modern humans, are known for their association with the development of metal tools and the emergence of metallurgy. This technological advancement allowed for the production of more durable and efficient tools and weapons.