The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya in the 4th century BCE, discusses the significance of cultural exchange and diplomacy in maintaining international relations.

Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor who ruled in the 3rd century BCE, is renowned for his cultural diplomacy initiatives, including the spread of Buddhism and the establishment of diplomatic ties with neighboring kingdoms.

During the Gupta period, India's cultural diplomacy primarily focused on disseminating religious beliefs, particularly Buddhism, to neighboring regions.

Rajendra Chola I, the Chola emperor who ruled in the 11th century CE, sent cultural missions to Southeast Asia to promote cultural exchange and strengthen diplomatic ties.

Nalanda University was a renowned center of learning in ancient India that played a crucial role in promoting cultural exchange and fostering intellectual discourse among scholars from various parts of the world.

Justinian I, the Byzantine emperor who ruled in the 6th century CE, established diplomatic relations with India during the reign of the Gupta emperor Harshavardhana.

The primary objective of the Indian Cultural Mission to China led by Xuanzang was to translate Buddhist scriptures and promote the spread of Buddhism in China.

Harun al-Rashid, the Abbasid caliph who ruled in the 8th century CE, received diplomatic missions from India during the reign of the Pala emperor Dharmapala.

The main purpose of the Indian Cultural Mission to Tibet led by Padmasambhava was to introduce tantric Buddhism and establish monastic institutions in Tibet.

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the Fatimid caliph who ruled in the 10th century CE, received diplomatic missions from India during the reign of the Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I.

The primary objective of the Indian Cultural Mission to Sri Lanka led by Mahinda was to introduce Theravada Buddhism and establish monastic institutions in Sri Lanka.

Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor who ruled in the 13th century CE, received diplomatic missions from India during the reign of the Delhi Sultanate.

The main purpose of the Indian Cultural Mission to Southeast Asia led by Yajnavalkya was to introduce Vedic philosophy and establish Brahmanical institutions in the region.

Timur, the Timurid emperor who ruled in the 14th century CE, received diplomatic missions from India during the reign of the Delhi Sultanate.