The Transactional Model, proposed by Barnlund, highlights the interactive and dynamic nature of communication, where both parties actively participate and influence each other through feedback loops.

Mass media serves as a primary source of information for the public, keeping them informed about current events, societal issues, and various aspects of life.

Cultivation Theory, proposed by Gerbner, argues that prolonged exposure to media content can influence individuals' beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of the world.

Media Agenda refers to the selection and prioritization of news stories and issues by media outlets, shaping the public's awareness and perception of those topics.

Intercultural Communication Theory explores the complexities of communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds, considering the impact of cultural norms, values, and beliefs.

Confirmation Bias refers to the tendency to seek out information that supports one's existing beliefs and to disregard information that contradicts them.

The Shannon-Weaver Model, also known as the Mathematical Model of Communication, is a linear model that describes the process of information transmission from a sender to a receiver through a channel.

Conformity refers to the tendency of individuals to align their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors with those of the group they belong to or identify with.

Framing Theory examines how the media's presentation of information can shape public opinion and influence how individuals perceive and interpret issues.

Diffusion of Innovation refers to the process by which new ideas, practices, or technologies spread through a population over time.

Nonverbal Communication Theory explores the role of nonverbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and gestures, in conveying messages and shaping communication.

Counter-Attitudinal Advocacy refers to the process of actively seeking out information that challenges one's existing beliefs and assumptions.

Symbolic Interaction Theory emphasizes the role of shared meanings and symbols in shaping communication and social interaction.

Perceptual Bias refers to the tendency of individuals to interpret ambiguous information in a way that is consistent with their existing beliefs and attitudes.

Public Sphere Theory examines the role of media in creating a public space for discussion and debate on social and political issues.