Vital statistics

Hospital discharge data

Disease surveillance data

Health insurance claims data

Birth certificates

Death certificates

Marriage certificates

Divorce certificates

To track the incidence and prevalence of diseases

To identify risk factors for diseases

To develop prevention and control strategies for diseases

All of the above

Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time, while prevalence is the number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given point in time.

Incidence is the number of deaths from a disease in a population over a period of time, while prevalence is the number of people living with a disease in a population at a given point in time.

Incidence is the number of cases of a disease that are reported to a public health agency, while prevalence is the number of cases of a disease that are actually present in a population.

None of the above

Mean

Median

Mode

Range

A population is the entire group of individuals that are being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population that is selected for study.

A population is the group of individuals that are being studied at a given point in time, while a sample is the group of individuals that are being studied over a period of time.

A population is the group of individuals that are being studied in a particular geographic area, while a sample is the group of individuals that are being studied in a different geographic area.

None of the above

To estimate the true value of a population parameter

To test the statistical significance of a difference between two groups

To determine the sample size needed for a study

All of the above

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon, while a theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a phenomenon.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested, while a theory is a statement that cannot be tested.

A hypothesis is a statement that is based on evidence, while a theory is a statement that is not based on evidence.

None of the above

To test a hypothesis

To collect data

To analyze data

All of the above

Observational studies, experimental studies, and quasi-experimental studies

Quantitative studies, qualitative studies, and mixed methods studies

Longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies, and case-control studies

None of the above

In an observational study, the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable, while in an experimental study, the researcher does manipulate the independent variable.

In an observational study, the researcher collects data on a group of people over a period of time, while in an experimental study, the researcher collects data on two groups of people at a single point in time.

In an observational study, the researcher uses a sample of the population, while in an experimental study, the researcher uses the entire population.

None of the above

In a quasi-experimental study, the researcher does not have control over the assignment of participants to groups, while in an experimental study, the researcher does have control over the assignment of participants to groups.

In a quasi-experimental study, the researcher collects data on a group of people over a period of time, while in an experimental study, the researcher collects data on two groups of people at a single point in time.

In a quasi-experimental study, the researcher uses a sample of the population, while in an experimental study, the researcher uses the entire population.

None of the above

In a longitudinal study, the researcher collects data on a group of people over a period of time, while in a cross-sectional study, the researcher collects data on a group of people at a single point in time.

In a longitudinal study, the researcher uses a sample of the population, while in a cross-sectional study, the researcher uses the entire population.

In a longitudinal study, the researcher collects data on a group of people who are all the same age, while in a cross-sectional study, the researcher collects data on a group of people who are all different ages.

None of the above

In a case-control study, the researcher compares a group of people who have a disease to a group of people who do not have the disease, while in a cohort study, the researcher follows a group of people over time to see who develops the disease.

In a case-control study, the researcher uses a sample of the population, while in a cohort study, the researcher uses the entire population.

In a case-control study, the researcher collects data on a group of people who are all the same age, while in a cohort study, the researcher collects data on a group of people who are all different ages.

None of the above