Historicism asserts that moral values and judgments are shaped by the specific historical circumstances in which they arise, and that they cannot be fully understood without considering their historical context.

Collingwood argued that the primary purpose of history is not simply to record or explain the past, but to help us understand the present and future by providing insights into the human condition and the ways in which societies have evolved over time.

Historical construction refers to the process by which historians and other actors shape and interpret historical events and narratives, often influenced by their own values, biases, and agendas.

Nietzsche believed that morality is not based on objective truths or universal principles, but rather on the power relations and social hierarchies that exist within a given society.

The Holocaust is often used as an example of the tension between historical truth and moral imperative, as it raises questions about the extent to which historical accuracy should be prioritized over the need to condemn and prevent future atrocities.

Hegelianism, particularly in its Marxist interpretation, posits that history is a progressive process driven by the dialectic of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, leading to the gradual improvement of moral values and social conditions.

Presentism refers to the practice of evaluating past actions and beliefs using the moral standards and values of the present, rather than considering the historical context in which they occurred.

MacIntyre contends that morality is not based on abstract principles or individual preferences, but rather on the shared values and traditions that have been passed down through history and shape the lives of individuals and communities.

The Enlightenment, particularly in the works of philosophers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant, emphasized the importance of reason and individual conscience in determining moral values, rather than relying on religious authority.

Moral relativism holds that there are no objective or universal moral truths, and that moral values are determined by the specific cultural, historical, and social context in which they arise.

Rawls' theory of justice, outlined in his book 'A Theory of Justice', is based on the idea of a hypothetical social contract in which rational individuals would agree on certain principles of justice to govern their society.

The Russian Revolution is often used as an example of how historical narratives can be manipulated to serve political agendas, as the Soviet regime actively rewrote and distorted historical events to legitimize its rule.

Foucault's work on power and discourse emphasizes the ways in which morality is shaped by power dynamics and social institutions, rather than being based on objective truths or universal principles.

The Enlightenment, particularly in the works of philosophers such as Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire, laid the foundation for modern conceptions of human rights and individual liberties, emphasizing the importance of individual autonomy and the social contract.

Moral universalism holds that there are objective moral truths that apply to all people, regardless of their culture, historical period, or personal beliefs.