Immunotherapy aims to harness the power of the patient's own immune system to fight cancer by enhancing its ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.

Adoptive T-cell therapy involves genetically engineering T cells to express a receptor that recognizes a specific antigen on cancer cells, enabling them to effectively target and destroy cancer cells.

Checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking inhibitory receptors on T cells, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, which normally prevent T cells from attacking healthy cells. By releasing these brakes, checkpoint inhibitors allow T cells to become more active and effectively target cancer cells.

Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack tumor-associated antigens, which are molecules expressed on cancer cells that are not found on healthy cells.

Cytokine therapy involves the administration of cytokines, which are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response, to stimulate and enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer.

Antibody therapy involves the use of antibodies, which are proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances, to target and block specific molecules involved in tumor growth and metastasis.

Immunotherapy has the unique ability to target cancer cells that have become resistant to traditional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, offering new hope for patients with advanced or recurrent cancers.

Virotherapy involves the use of oncolytic viruses, which are genetically engineered viruses that selectively infect and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

One of the main challenges in developing cancer vaccines is identifying tumor-associated antigens that are unique to cancer cells and not found on healthy cells, as these antigens are necessary for the vaccine to elicit an immune response specifically against cancer.

Thermal therapy involves the use of heat to kill cancer cells and stimulate the immune system. It can be applied locally to tumors or systemically to the entire body.

Cytokine therapy primarily works by stimulating the production of antibodies against cancer cells, enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and target cancer cells for destruction.

Bacterial therapy involves the use of genetically modified bacteria to target and kill cancer cells. These bacteria are engineered to selectively infect and destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

Adoptive T-cell therapy has the unique ability to target cancer cells that have become resistant to traditional T-cell-based immunotherapies, offering new hope for patients with advanced or recurrent cancers.

Nanoparticle therapy involves the use of nanoparticles to deliver therapeutic agents, such as drugs, genes, or antibodies, directly to cancer cells, enhancing their targeted delivery and effectiveness.

One of the main challenges in developing checkpoint inhibitors is the potential for autoimmune reactions, as blocking checkpoint molecules can lead to the immune system attacking healthy cells, resulting in immune-related adverse events.