Substrate influence refers to the impact of a language that has been replaced by a new language on the development of the new language. This influence can be seen in the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation of the new language.

Climate change is not typically considered a direct factor in language change. However, it can have indirect effects on language change by influencing the migration and settlement patterns of language speakers.

Superstrate influence refers to the impact of a language that is spoken by a dominant group on the development of a new language. This influence can be seen in the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation of the new language.

All of the options listed can be examples of language contact that can lead to language change. Trade and commerce can bring speakers of different languages into contact, leading to the exchange of words and phrases. Migration and settlement can also lead to language contact, as speakers of different languages move into new areas and interact with each other. War and conquest can also lead to language contact, as the conquering group often imposes its language on the conquered group.

Language death is the process by which a language gradually loses its speakers and eventually ceases to be spoken. This can happen for a variety of reasons, including assimilation, migration, and language shift.

Technological advancements are not typically considered a direct factor in language death. However, they can have indirect effects on language death by influencing the migration and settlement patterns of language speakers.

Language revitalization is the process by which a language is revived and revitalized after a period of decline or dormancy. This can involve a variety of efforts, such as teaching the language to new speakers, creating new materials in the language, and promoting the use of the language in public life.

All of the options listed are examples of successful language revitalization projects. The Hawaiian language, the Maori language, and the Navajo language have all been successfully revived and revitalized through a variety of efforts, such as teaching the languages to new speakers, creating new materials in the languages, and promoting the use of the languages in public life.

Language revitalization projects often face a variety of challenges, including lack of funding, lack of speakers, and lack of materials. These challenges can make it difficult to successfully revive and revitalize a language.

Language revitalization is important for a variety of reasons, including preserving cultural heritage, promoting linguistic diversity, and empowering marginalized communities. By reviving and revitalizing languages, we can help to ensure that these languages and the cultures they represent continue to thrive for future generations.

Language contact, language mixing, and language convergence are all terms used to describe the process by which two or more languages influence each other, resulting in the development of new words, phrases, and grammatical structures.

Spanglish, Franglais, and Chinglish are all examples of language mixing. These languages are created when two or more languages are used together in a single conversation or text, resulting in the development of new words, phrases, and grammatical structures.

Language convergence is the process by which two or more languages become more similar over time, due to prolonged contact and interaction. This can happen when speakers of different languages live in close proximity to each other and interact frequently, or when one language is dominant and exerts influence on another language.

The convergence of English and French in Canada, the convergence of Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America, and the convergence of Mandarin and Cantonese in China are all examples of language convergence. These languages have become more similar over time due to prolonged contact and interaction between their speakers.

Language shift is the process by which a language is replaced by another language, typically due to factors such as political dominance, economic power, or social prestige. This can happen when one language is imposed on another language by a dominant group, or when speakers of one language voluntarily adopt another language for reasons of convenience or social mobility.