Mining and quarrying activities often involve the removal of vegetation and topsoil, which leaves the land exposed to erosion by wind and water.

Acid mine drainage is a major source of water pollution from mining and quarrying, as it can contaminate surface and groundwater with heavy metals and other pollutants.

Mining and quarrying activities often generate large amounts of particulate matter, which can contribute to air pollution and respiratory problems.

Reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been degraded by mining and quarrying to a condition that is suitable for other uses.

Reforestation is a common method used to reclaim land that has been degraded by mining and quarrying, as it helps to stabilize the soil, reduce erosion, and improve water quality.

The primary goal of land reclamation after mining and quarrying is to make the land suitable for other uses, such as agriculture, forestry, or recreation.

Land reclamation after mining and quarrying can be challenging due to the high cost of reclamation, difficulty in establishing vegetation, and the need for long-term monitoring and maintenance.

Stripping is the process of removing vegetation and topsoil from an area prior to mining or quarrying.

Terracing, contour farming, and revegetation are all common methods used to control soil erosion on land that has been degraded by mining and quarrying.

Ecological restoration, habitat restoration, and biodiversity restoration are all terms used to describe the process of restoring the natural ecosystem of an area that has been degraded by mining and quarrying.

Planting native vegetation, reintroducing native wildlife, and controlling invasive species are all common methods used to restore the natural ecosystem of an area that has been degraded by mining and quarrying.

Environmental impact assessment is the process of assessing the environmental impact of mining and quarrying activities.

Field surveys, laboratory analysis, and computer modeling are all common methods used to assess the environmental impact of mining and quarrying activities.

Environmental management plan, environmental mitigation plan, and environmental protection plan are all terms used to describe the process of developing and implementing measures to minimize the environmental impact of mining and quarrying activities.