Environmental research and innovation aims to address environmental issues and develop technologies and strategies that minimize human impact on the environment while promoting sustainable development.

Nuclear power, while often considered an alternative energy source, is not typically included as a key area of environmental research and innovation due to its potential environmental risks and waste management challenges.

Circular economy is a model of production and consumption that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource utilization by reusing, recycling, and recovering materials and products.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology involves capturing carbon dioxide from power plant emissions and storing it underground, preventing its release into the atmosphere.

Anaerobic digestion is a process in which organic waste is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of biogas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

The Paris Agreement is an international treaty adopted in 2015 that aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms, plants, or enzymes to break down and remove pollutants from soil and groundwater.

Bioremediation, specifically using microorganisms, can be employed to clean up oil spills by breaking down the hydrocarbons into harmless substances.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials generate an electrical current when exposed to light, which is the principle behind solar cells used in solar panels.

Wind energy technology harnesses the power of moving air to generate electricity through wind turbines.

Bioconversion is the process of converting plant biomass into biofuels, such as ethanol or biodiesel, through biological processes.

Geothermal energy technology utilizes the heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity.

Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to absorb and remove pollutants from water.

Anaerobic digestion is the process of breaking down organic waste using microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the production of biogas.

Waste reduction refers to the practices and strategies aimed at minimizing the amount of waste generated at the source.