The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya in the 4th century BCE, is an ancient Indian treatise that covers a wide range of topics, including transportation and logistics.

The Arthashastra primarily focuses on road construction and maintenance, emphasizing the importance of well-maintained roads for efficient transportation.

Bhaskaracharya, an 11th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'panchayatana', which refers to the five types of transportation: land, water, air, animal, and human.

The 'panchayatana' concept highlights the significance of multimodal transportation, recognizing the need for different modes of transportation to work together to provide efficient and accessible transportation services.

Brahmagupta, a 7th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'chakravala', which refers to the cyclic nature of transportation and the need for continuous improvement and adaptation to changing circumstances.

The 'chakravala' concept emphasizes the need for transportation systems to be flexible and adaptable, allowing for changes in technology, demand, and environmental conditions.

Varahamihira, a 6th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'shatrunjaya', which refers to the six factors that influence transportation: roads, vehicles, drivers, passengers, goods, and time.

The 'shatrunjaya' concept provides a holistic framework for understanding and analyzing transportation systems, considering various factors that influence their performance and efficiency.

Aryabhata, a 5th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'ashtadasha', which refers to the eighteen types of transportation vehicles mentioned in ancient Indian texts.

The 'ashtadasha' concept offers valuable insights into the wide range of transportation vehicles used in ancient India, reflecting the ingenuity and creativity of Indian engineers and craftsmen.

Varahamihira, a 6th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'navagraha', which refers to the nine planets and their influence on transportation.

The 'navagraha' concept suggests that transportation systems should be integrated with astrology and astronomy to understand the influence of celestial bodies on transportation activities.

Bhaskaracharya, an 11th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'dashavatara', which refers to the ten incarnations of Vishnu and their association with different modes of transportation.

The 'dashavatara' concept highlights the integration of transportation with religious beliefs, reflecting the cultural and spiritual significance of transportation in ancient India.

Brahmagupta, a 7th-century Indian mathematician, developed the concept of 'chakravyuha', which refers to the circular arrangement of transportation routes and the need for efficient connectivity.

The 'chakravyuha' concept suggests that transportation routes should be arranged in a circular pattern to ensure efficient connectivity and accessibility.