Wind is the primary driving force behind coastal ocean circulation, as it generates surface currents and waves that transport water and energy.

Coastal upwelling is a process where cold, nutrient-rich waters from deeper layers rise to the surface, bringing essential nutrients for marine life.

Estuarine circulation refers to the mixing of seawater and freshwater in estuaries, where river water meets ocean water, creating a unique environment.

Coral reefs are highly productive and biodiverse ecosystems, supporting a wide variety of marine life and providing important ecological services.

Longshore drift is the process by which sediment is transported along coastlines by waves and currents, shaping beaches and barrier islands.

Urban runoff, carrying pollutants from impervious surfaces, is a significant source of coastal pollution, affecting water quality and marine ecosystems.

Integrated Coastal Management is a comprehensive approach to managing coastal resources and activities, aiming to balance environmental protection with sustainable development.

Rip currents are powerful, narrow currents that flow away from the shore, posing a hazard to swimmers and surfers.

Delta formation occurs when sediment carried by a river is deposited at its mouth, creating a fan-shaped landform.

Mangrove forests are coastal ecosystems dominated by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs, providing habitat for various marine and terrestrial species.

Salinization refers to the process where seawater intrudes into coastal aquifers, increasing the salinity of groundwater.

Storm surge is a rapid rise in sea level caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure during storms, posing a significant threat to coastal communities.

Coastal erosion refers to the process where sediment is removed from coastal areas by waves, currents, and other natural forces.

Kelp forests are coastal ecosystems dominated by giant kelp, providing habitat and food for various marine organisms.