Sabda, or 'sound', is a fundamental concept in Indian philosophy, referring to the inherent power of language to convey meaning.

The Sphota theory posits that the word, rather than its individual sounds or letters, is the primary carrier of meaning in language.

Anvaya is the term used to describe the semantic relationship between words and their meanings, emphasizing the idea that meaning is derived from the combination of words in a sentence.

Mimamsa, particularly the Purva Mimamsa school, places great emphasis on the study of language, particularly the Vedas, as a means to understand the nature of reality and perform rituals correctly.

Vakya, in Indian philosophy, specifically refers to a complete sentence that conveys a meaningful proposition.

Apoha, or 'exclusion', is a central concept in Nyaya's theory of language, referring to the process of understanding a word's meaning by negating its opposite qualities.

Sabdabrahman is a concept that emphasizes the divine or transcendental nature of language, suggesting that language has a sacred origin and is a manifestation of the ultimate reality.

Mimamsa places significant emphasis on the performative aspect of language, particularly in the context of ritual and religious ceremonies, where the correct utterance of words is believed to have real-world effects.

Vivarta is a concept that refers to the idea that the world we perceive is an illusion or a manifestation of a deeper reality. It is often associated with the Advaita Vedanta school of thought.

Buddhist philosophy emphasizes the emptiness or voidness of all phenomena, including language. This concept, known as 'sunyata', suggests that language is ultimately empty of inherent meaning and is a product of conceptual constructs.

Sabda Pramana is a concept that recognizes the validity of knowledge gained through language, particularly through the study of authoritative texts and scriptures.

Advaita Vedanta emphasizes the non-dual nature of reality, suggesting that language and consciousness are ultimately one and the same. This concept is often expressed through the phrase 'Aham Brahmasmi', meaning 'I am Brahman'.

Vak, also known as 'Vac', is a concept that represents the power of speech, the ability to communicate and express oneself through language.

Jainism places great emphasis on the principle of non-violence, known as 'ahimsa', and this extends to the use of language. Jains believe that language should be used in a way that does not cause harm or suffering to others.

Nada refers to the sound of language, the physical manifestation of spoken words. It is often associated with the creative power of language and its ability to convey meaning.