Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas with freely moving electrons and ions.

Stars are composed of plasma due to the high temperatures and pressures in their interiors, causing ionization of atoms.

The heliosphere is the region of space influenced by the Sun's solar wind and extends beyond the orbit of Pluto.

Synchrotron radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons spiraling in a magnetic field, commonly observed in astrophysical plasmas.

Bremsstrahlung is the process by which high-energy electrons lose energy through collisions with atoms and molecules, resulting in the emission of photons.

Cosmic rays are high-energy particles, including protons, electrons, and atomic nuclei, that originate from various astrophysical sources, such as supernovae and black holes.

The galactic center is the region at the center of a galaxy, where the density and temperature of the plasma are high, resulting in intense X-ray emission.

Gamma-ray bursts are sudden, intense bursts of gamma rays, the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation, originating from various astrophysical sources.

Fermi acceleration is the process by which charged particles are accelerated by shock waves in astrophysical plasmas, resulting in a power-law distribution of particle energies.

The stellar corona is the outermost layer of a star's atmosphere, characterized by high temperatures and densities, often exceeding millions of degrees Celsius.

Molecular clouds are dense regions of gas and dust in galaxies, where new stars are formed through gravitational collapse and subsequent nuclear fusion.

A supernova is a powerful explosion that occurs at the end of the life of a massive star, resulting in the ejection of a large amount of mass and energy.

Synchrotron radiation is emitted by high-energy electrons spiraling in a magnetic field, resulting in the formation of spiral trajectories.

An accretion disk is a structure formed by the accretion of matter onto a compact object, such as a black hole or neutron star, resulting in the release of a large amount of energy.

Compton scattering is the process by which high-energy photons interact with low-energy photons, resulting in the transfer of energy and the production of new photons.