Scale is the ratio between the distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.

1:24,000 is a common scale used in topographic maps, indicating that one unit on the map represents 24,000 units on the ground.

The representative fraction (RF) of a map is calculated by dividing the map distance by the ground distance.

A linear scale is a common method for measuring distances on a map, consisting of a graduated line with units of measurement.

Straight-line distance is the distance between two points on a map along a straight line, regardless of the actual path or terrain.

All of the above factors can affect the accuracy of distance measurements on a map, including map scale, map projection, and relief exaggeration.

Great-circle distance is the distance between two points on the Earth's surface along a curved path, following the shortest route along the Earth's curvature.

The Haversine formula is a common method for calculating great-circle distances, using the latitudes and longitudes of two points.

Relief is the term for the difference in elevation between two points on a map, representing the vertical dimension of the landscape.

Contour lines, shaded relief, and spot heights are all common methods for representing relief on a map.

Contour interval is the term for the horizontal distance between two contour lines, representing the difference in elevation between them.

Contour lines can be used to measure the gradient of a slope on a map by determining the difference in elevation between two contour lines and dividing it by the horizontal distance between them.

Road distance is the term for the distance between two points on a map along a road or other transportation route, taking into account the actual path and distance traveled.

All of the above factors can affect the accuracy of road distance measurements on a map, including map scale, map projection, and road conditions.

Straight-line distance is the term for the distance between two points on a map along a straight line, regardless of the actual path or terrain.