The genome encompasses all the DNA molecules, including genes and non-coding regions, found within an organism.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the primary genetic material in most organisms, carrying the instructions for an organism's development, functioning, and reproduction.

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA prior to cell division.

Translation is the process by which the genetic code in mRNA is converted into a sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.

Insertion mutations occur when additional nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence, potentially altering the genetic code.

A gene is a region of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein.

Substitution mutations occur when one nucleotide is replaced with another, potentially altering the genetic code.

Gene flow is the process by which genetic material is transferred from one population to another, often through migration.

Genomics is the study of the entire set of genes in an organism, including their structure, function, and evolution.

Deletion mutations occur when nucleotides are removed from a DNA sequence, potentially altering the genetic code.

Mutation is the process by which genetic variation is introduced into a population through changes in the DNA sequence.

Natural selection is the process by which natural selection acts on genetic variation to favor certain traits, leading to adaptation.

Inversion mutations occur when a segment of DNA is reversed end-to-end, potentially altering the genetic code.

Proteomics is the study of the structure and function of proteins.

Transcriptomics is the study of the entire set of RNA molecules in an organism.