B cells are specialized lymphocytes responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and neutralize specific antigens.

B cells mature and differentiate into plasma cells primarily in the bone marrow, where they undergo a process called B cell development.

B cells play a central role in humoral immunity by producing antibodies that specifically bind to and neutralize antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

An antibody molecule consists of two heavy chains and two light chains, forming a Y-shaped structure with a variable region that binds to specific antigens and a constant region that interacts with other immune cells.

B cells become activated through a process called clonal selection, where specific antigens bind to B cell receptors, triggering proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells, which produce large quantities of antibodies.

Memory B cells are long-lived B cells that remain in the body after an infection or vaccination, providing long-term immunity by rapidly producing antibodies upon re-exposure to the same antigen.

IgM is a monomeric antibody produced during the primary immune response, found in saliva and tears. IgG is a dimeric antibody produced during the secondary immune response, found in blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

In autoimmune diseases, B cells malfunction and produce antibodies against the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

B cells can be engineered to produce antibodies that specifically target and destroy cancer cells, a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy.

B cells play a crucial role in vaccine development by producing antibodies against specific pathogens, providing protection against future infections.

Multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma are examples of common B cell disorders that affect B cell development, function, or proliferation.

In allergies, B cells produce antibodies against harmless substances (allergens), leading to an exaggerated immune response and symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.

B cells play a critical role in preventing infections by producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens, preventing their entry into cells and causing disease.

B cells contribute to immune memory by producing memory B cells, which remain in the body after an infection and can rapidly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, providing long-term protection.