Demand-side economics focuses on stimulating aggregate demand in order to boost economic growth. This can be achieved through various measures such as increasing government spending, reducing taxes, and lowering interest rates.

Fiscal policy aims to influence the economy by adjusting government spending and taxation. Its primary goals include stabilizing the economy, promoting economic growth, and reducing unemployment.

Expansionary fiscal policy involves increasing government spending or reducing taxes in order to stimulate aggregate demand and boost economic growth.

The multiplier effect refers to the disproportionate impact of government spending on economic growth. When the government increases its spending, it leads to a greater increase in overall economic activity due to the multiplier effect.

The Keynesian model assumes that prices are sticky, meaning they do not adjust quickly to changes in economic conditions. This assumption is crucial for understanding how demand-side policies can influence the economy.

Automatic stabilizers are built-in mechanisms in the tax and spending system that help to reduce the impact of economic fluctuations. They operate automatically, without the need for discretionary policy changes.

Discretionary fiscal policy involves deliberate changes in government spending or taxation to influence the economy. Government spending on infrastructure is an example of a discretionary fiscal policy measure.

The crowding-out effect refers to the phenomenon where government borrowing can lead to higher interest rates, which in turn can discourage private investment and economic growth.

Supply-side economics focuses on increasing the productive capacity of the economy by reducing government regulations, cutting taxes, and encouraging investment.

The Laffer Curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue. It shows that there is an optimal tax rate that maximizes tax revenue.

The key difference between demand-side economics and supply-side economics is that demand-side economics focuses on stimulating aggregate demand to boost economic growth, while supply-side economics focuses on increasing the productive capacity of the economy to achieve economic growth.

Fiscal drag refers to the impact of rising prices on the real value of government spending. As prices increase, the purchasing power of government spending decreases, leading to a reduction in the real value of government programs and services.

The balanced budget multiplier refers to the impact of government spending on economic growth when the government finances its spending through taxation rather than borrowing. The balanced budget multiplier is typically smaller than the government spending multiplier because taxation can have a negative impact on economic growth.

The government budget constraint refers to the limits on the government's ability to spend, tax, and borrow. The government budget constraint is determined by a combination of economic, political, and legal factors.

The key difference between fiscal policy and monetary policy is that fiscal policy uses government spending and taxation to influence the economy, while monetary policy uses interest rates to influence the economy.