Social constructivism argues that gender and sexuality are not fixed, natural categories, but rather are socially and culturally constructed through interactions and power dynamics.

Biological determinism posits that biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and brain structure, play a primary role in determining gender and sexuality.

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that gender and sexuality are shaped by unconscious desires and conflicts during childhood development.

Evolutionary psychology proposes that gender and sexuality have evolved over time to maximize reproductive success and survival.

Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity argues that gender is not a fixed identity but rather a performance that is enacted and repeated through social interactions.

Queer theory challenges traditional notions of gender and sexuality, arguing that they are socially constructed and fluid rather than fixed and binary.

Intersectionality theory examines how multiple forms of oppression and discrimination, such as racism, sexism, and homophobia, intersect and shape the experiences of marginalized groups.

Foucauldian discourse theory argues that gender and sexuality are constructed through power relations and discourse, rather than being natural or essential.

Essentialist theories of gender and sexuality are criticized for being simplistic, reductionist, and for ignoring the role of social, cultural, and individual factors in shaping these concepts.

Phenomenology focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals and how they make sense of their own gender and sexuality.

Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of social interactions and symbols in shaping our understanding of gender and sexuality.

Genderqueer theory challenges traditional binary notions of gender and sexuality, arguing for the existence of a wide spectrum of gender identities and sexual orientations.

Erving Goffman's theory of gender performance suggests that gender is a performance that is enacted and reinforced through social interactions.

Cultural anthropology examines how different cultures construct and understand gender and sexuality, highlighting the role of cultural norms, values, and practices.

Universalist theories of gender and sexuality are criticized for being simplistic, reductionist, and for ignoring the role of social, cultural, and individual factors in shaping these concepts.