Fascism is a 20th-century ideology, while liberalism, conservatism, and socialism emerged in the 19th century.

John Locke is widely regarded as the father of modern liberalism due to his influential ideas on individual rights, limited government, and the social contract.

Conservatism is a political ideology that values tradition, social order, and the preservation of existing institutions.

Socialism is a political ideology that advocates for economic equality and the redistribution of wealth.

Communism emerged as a response to the perceived failures of capitalism and liberalism, advocating for a classless, stateless society.

Karl Marx is widely regarded as the father of communism due to his influential theories on class struggle, historical materialism, and the labor theory of value.

Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of national identity, cultural heritage, and the sovereignty of the nation-state.

Anarchism is a political ideology that advocates for the abolition of all forms of government and the establishment of a stateless society.

Socialism emerged as a response to the rise of industrialization and the perceived exploitation of workers, advocating for worker ownership of the means of production.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon is widely regarded as the father of anarchism due to his influential writings on mutualism and the concept of property as theft.

Liberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of individual liberty, limited government, and free markets.

Fascism is a political ideology that advocates for a strong central government, nationalism, and the suppression of individual liberties.

Neoliberalism emerged as a response to the perceived failures of communism and the Soviet Union, advocating for free market capitalism, deregulation, and privatization.

Social democracy is a political ideology that advocates for economic equality, social justice, and the expansion of social welfare programs.

Progressivism emerged as a response to the perceived excesses of capitalism and the rise of inequality, advocating for social reform, economic regulation, and the expansion of government power.