In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna emphasizes the concept of 'nishkama karma,' which refers to performing actions without any desire for personal gain or attachment to the fruits of one's labor. This teaching highlights the importance of focusing on the action itself rather than the outcome, thereby freeing oneself from the cycle of desire and suffering.

Jainism is known for its strong emphasis on compassion and non-violence, known as 'ahimsa.' Jains believe that all living beings possess an inherent sanctity and that causing harm to any living creature is a grave moral transgression. This principle of non-violence extends to all aspects of life, including diet, speech, and thought.

The Eightfold Path is a central teaching in Buddhism that outlines the path to liberation from suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. It consists of eight interconnected practices, including right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. The practice of right action emphasizes ethical conduct, compassion, and non-harming.

The concept of karma in Indian philosophy posits that one's actions have consequences that extend beyond this life and influence future existences. These consequences can be positive or negative, depending on the nature of the actions performed. This belief emphasizes the importance of ethical conduct and the accumulation of good karma for a better future.

Dharma is a central concept in Indian philosophy that encompasses one's ethical duty or obligation to perform certain actions. It refers to the righteous path or code of conduct that individuals should follow to live a virtuous and meaningful life. Dharma encompasses various aspects, including moral duties, social responsibilities, and spiritual practices.

Nyaya is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of knowledge and wisdom as the means to liberation and ethical conduct. Nyaya philosophers argue that correct knowledge and logical reasoning are essential for understanding the true nature of reality and for distinguishing between right and wrong actions. They believe that ethical conduct is based on a clear understanding of the principles of logic and the consequences of one's actions.

In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna advises Arjuna to seek the guidance of a wise and impartial counselor when faced with a moral dilemma. He emphasizes the importance of consulting someone who is knowledgeable, experienced, and unbiased in order to make the right decision. This highlights the value of seeking external wisdom and advice when making ethical choices.

Vedanta is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of self-realization and the cultivation of inner virtues as the foundation for ethical conduct. Vedanta philosophers believe that the ultimate goal of human life is to realize one's true nature as pure consciousness or Brahman. This realization leads to the purification of the mind and the development of virtues such as compassion, kindness, and non-attachment, which guide ethical behavior.

Nirvana is the central goal and ultimate state of liberation in Buddhism. It is a state of freedom from suffering, the cycle of rebirth (samsara), and all defilements of the mind. Nirvana is achieved through the practice of the Eightfold Path, which leads to the extinction of craving, aversion, and ignorance. Attaining Nirvana marks the end of the cycle of suffering and rebirth and the realization of the true nature of reality.

Ahimsa is a fundamental principle in Jainism that emphasizes non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. It is considered the highest ethical virtue and is practiced through strict adherence to non-harming in thought, speech, and action. Jains believe that all living beings possess an inherent sanctity and that causing harm to any creature is a grave moral transgression. Ahimsa extends to all aspects of life, including diet, speech, and livelihood.

Karma is a central concept in Indian philosophy that refers to the accumulation of good or bad deeds that determines one's future existence. It is believed that every action, whether physical, verbal, or mental, has consequences that shape one's destiny. Good deeds lead to positive consequences, while bad deeds lead to negative consequences. Karma is often associated with the cycle of rebirth (samsara), where the quality of one's next life is determined by the karma accumulated in the present life.

Mimamsa is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of ritual action and the performance of prescribed duties as the means to spiritual liberation. Mimamsa philosophers believe that the Vedas, the sacred texts of Hinduism, contain eternal truths and injunctions that guide human conduct. They argue that by meticulously following the rituals and duties outlined in the Vedas, individuals can attain spiritual liberation and fulfill their dharma (righteous duty).

Kleshas are mental defilements or impurities in Buddhism that hinder spiritual progress and cause suffering. They are considered the root cause of samsara (the cycle of rebirth) and are identified as greed, hatred, delusion, pride, and envy. Kleshas arise from ignorance and distort one's perception of reality, leading to unwholesome actions and negative consequences. The practice of the Eightfold Path aims to purify the mind and eliminate kleshas, leading to the attainment of Nirvana (liberation from suffering).

Moksha is the ultimate goal of human existence in Indian philosophy, which involves liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth (samsara). It is a state of spiritual liberation and self-realization, where the individual transcends the limitations of the ego and attains a higher consciousness. Moksha is often associated with the realization of the true nature of reality, which varies depending on the philosophical school or tradition.

Advaita Vedanta is an Indian philosophical school that emphasizes the importance of self-inquiry and the cultivation of discriminative knowledge as the means to spiritual liberation. Advaita Vedanta posits that the ultimate reality is Brahman, an infinite and unchanging consciousness, and that the individual self (Atman) is identical with Brahman. The goal of Advaita Vedanta is to realize this non-dual nature of reality through self-inquiry and the removal of ignorance, leading to the experience of oneness and liberation.