Language spread refers to the process by which a language expands its geographical distribution and the number of its speakers.

Language prestige is not a factor that directly contributes to language spread. It can, however, influence the adoption of a language by speakers of other languages.

Language dominance refers to the situation where a language has a dominant position in a region, with a large number of speakers and a wide range of functions.

Cultural prestige is not a direct factor that contributes to language dominance. It can, however, influence the status and spread of a language.

Language shift refers to the process by which speakers of a language gradually adopt another language as their primary language.

Intermarriage is not a direct factor that contributes to language shift. It can, however, lead to language contact and influence language use.

Language maintenance refers to the efforts made by speakers of a language to preserve and continue using their language in the face of pressures from other languages.

Economic opportunities are not a direct factor that contributes to language maintenance. They can, however, influence language use and attitudes towards language.

Code-switching refers to the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversation, often depending on the context or the собеседник.

Language proficiency is not a direct factor that contributes to code-switching. It can, however, influence the ability of speakers to switch between languages.

Diglossia refers to the situation where two or more languages are used in a region, but each language is used in different domains or contexts, such as formal and informal settings.

Language proficiency is not a direct factor that contributes to diglossia. It can, however, influence the ability of speakers to use different languages in different contexts.

Language extinction refers to the situation where a language is no longer spoken by any native speakers and is considered to be lost.

Climate change is not a direct factor that contributes to language extinction. It can, however, have indirect effects on language use and language communities.

Language revitalization refers to the efforts made to revive and restore a language that is facing extinction.