The primary function of the immune system is to recognize and defend against foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins, that can cause disease.

The adaptive immune response is responsible for recognizing and attacking specific pathogens through the production of antibodies and the activation of T cells.

Antibodies play multiple roles in the immune response, including neutralizing toxins and pathogens, activating complement proteins, and destroying infected cells.

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy foreign particles, including bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris.

T cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells, are responsible for killing infected cells and eliminating pathogens from the body.

Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the production of autoantibodies that mistakenly attack and damage the body's own tissues, leading to various symptoms and conditions.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common autoimmune disorder, affecting the joints and causing inflammation, pain, and stiffness.

Allergic disorders, such as hay fever and asthma, are caused by an exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, leading to symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and difficulty breathing.

Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is the most common type of allergic disorder, causing symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes in response to pollen and other airborne allergens.

Immunodeficiency disorders are characterized by a weakened immune system, making the individual more susceptible to infections and diseases.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common type of immunodeficiency disorder, characterized by low levels of antibodies and an increased susceptibility to infections.

Hypersensitivity disorders, also known as immune-mediated disorders, are characterized by an overactive immune response, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

Type I hypersensitivity, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, is the most common type of hypersensitivity disorder, characterized by a rapid immune response to allergens, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and difficulty breathing.

The primary goal of treating immunological disorders is to prevent complications and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by these conditions.

Immunosuppressive drugs are commonly used to suppress the immune response in autoimmune disorders, reducing inflammation and preventing tissue damage.