Determinism posits that every event, including human actions, is causally determined by prior events and conditions, leaving no room for genuine free will.

Compatibilism proposes that free will can exist within the constraints of determinism, allowing for meaningful choices within predetermined parameters.

Indeterminism argues that the inherent randomness observed in quantum mechanics challenges the notion of strict determinism, allowing for genuine free will.

Hermann Minkowski, a mathematician and physicist, introduced the concept of the 'block universe' or 'spacetime continuum', where time is an inseparable dimension.

The problem of evil encompasses various questions that challenge the coexistence of free will, an omnipotent, benevolent God, and the existence of evil.

Hard determinism asserts that free will is an illusion and that all actions are predetermined, rendering the concept of moral responsibility meaningless.

Temporal becoming, also known as 'process philosophy', emphasizes the dynamic and irreversible nature of time, viewing it as a fundamental aspect of reality that cannot be reduced to spatial dimensions.

The grandfather paradox encompasses various scenarios that highlight the logical contradictions and paradoxes that arise when considering time travel and the implications for free will and causality.

J.M.E. McTaggart, a British philosopher, proposed the 'A-series' and 'B-series' theories of time, arguing that time is an illusion and that all moments exist simultaneously.

Compatibilists argue that free will and determinism can coexist, allowing for meaningful choices within predetermined boundaries.

Existentialism, particularly associated with philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, emphasizes the importance of individual existence, freedom, and personal responsibility, often rejecting the idea of predetermined fate.

Libertarians argue that genuine free will necessitates the absence of any causal determinism, allowing for actions that are not predetermined by prior causes.

J.M.E. McTaggart, in his 'The Nature of Existence', introduced the 'eternal now' theory, arguing that only the present moment is real and that past and future moments are unreal.

Causal libertarians argue that free will can coexist with determinism if certain conditions are met, such as the existence of 'uncaused causes' or 'random events' that introduce genuine indeterminacy into the causal chain.