Environmental monitoring aims to identify, quantify, and assess changes in the environment, including air, water, soil, and biodiversity, to understand their causes and implications.

Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) is a widely used technique for air quality monitoring, as it allows for the detection and quantification of various gaseous pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, in ambient air.

The ethical principle of 'non-maleficence' emphasizes the importance of avoiding or minimizing harm to the environment during environmental monitoring activities. This includes using non-invasive techniques, minimizing disturbance to ecosystems, and properly disposing of monitoring equipment and waste.

Total organic carbon (TOC) analyzers are widely used for water quality monitoring to measure the concentration of organic matter in water samples. This is an important parameter for assessing water quality and pollution levels.

The ethical principle of 'equity' in environmental monitoring emphasizes the importance of ensuring that all stakeholders, including communities, policymakers, and researchers, have equal access to environmental monitoring data. This promotes transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making.

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzers are commonly used for soil quality monitoring. They provide rapid and non-destructive analysis of soil samples, allowing for the determination of elemental composition and the identification of potential contaminants.

The ethical principle of 'sustainability' in environmental monitoring emphasizes the importance of minimizing the environmental impact of monitoring activities. This includes using energy-efficient equipment, reducing waste generation, and implementing environmentally friendly monitoring practices.

Remote sensing, particularly satellite imagery, is commonly used for biodiversity monitoring. It provides a comprehensive view of large areas, allowing researchers to track changes in vegetation cover, land use, and habitat fragmentation.

The ethical principle of 'transparency' in environmental monitoring emphasizes the importance of making environmental monitoring data publicly accessible. This promotes accountability, allows for independent verification of data, and facilitates informed decision-making.

Eddy covariance flux towers are commonly used for greenhouse gas monitoring. They measure the exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere, providing valuable insights into carbon cycling and climate change.

The ethical principle of 'accountability' in environmental monitoring emphasizes the importance of holding organizations and individuals involved in monitoring activities responsible for their actions. This includes ensuring that they adhere to ethical standards, follow proper procedures, and are transparent in their reporting.

Sound level meters are commonly used for noise pollution monitoring. They measure the sound pressure level and provide information about the intensity and frequency of noise.

The ethical principle of 'participation' in environmental monitoring emphasizes the importance of involving stakeholders, including communities, policymakers, and researchers, in environmental monitoring activities. This promotes inclusivity, local ownership, and informed decision-making.

Geiger counters are commonly used for radiation monitoring. They detect and measure ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays and beta particles, and provide real-time readings of radiation levels.