Social cohesion refers to the shared values, beliefs, and norms that bind a community together and create a sense of belonging and unity among its members.

James Coleman is credited with coining the term 'social capital' in his 1988 book 'Social Theory of the Action'.

Pierre Bourdieu identified three main dimensions of social capital: economic (resources and assets), cultural (knowledge and skills), and social (networks and relationships).

Robert Putnam argues that the key factor that determines the level of social capital in a community is the level of civic engagement, which refers to the participation of citizens in community activities and organizations.

Social capital has been found to have a number of positive effects on a community, including increased trust and cooperation, reduced crime and violence, improved health and well-being, and increased economic prosperity.

There are a number of challenges to building social capital in a community, including economic inequality, residential segregation, lack of civic engagement, and discrimination.

There are a number of policies and programs that can be implemented to promote social capital in a community, including investing in public spaces and community centers, promoting civic engagement and volunteerism, addressing economic inequality and residential segregation, and supporting community-based organizations.

Socialization is the process by which social capital is created and maintained. It involves the transmission of shared values, beliefs, and norms from one generation to the next.

There are a number of factors that can contribute to the erosion of social capital in a community, including economic decline, residential mobility, increased social isolation, and the breakdown of traditional social institutions.

The erosion of social capital in a community can have a number of negative consequences, including increased crime and violence, declining health and well-being, reduced economic prosperity, and the breakdown of social order.

Social exchange is the process by which social capital is converted into economic or political resources. It involves the exchange of goods, services, or information between individuals or groups in order to achieve a desired outcome.

There are a number of criticisms of the concept of social capital, including that it is too vague and ill-defined, that it is difficult to measure, that it ignores the role of power and inequality, and that it is often used to justify policies that benefit the wealthy and powerful.

Despite the criticisms, the concept of social capital is still useful because it provides a framework for understanding the role of social relationships in economic and political life, it can be used to identify communities that are at risk of social decline, and it can be used to develop policies and programs to promote social capital.

There are a number of key challenges to building social capital in the 21st century, including the rise of individualism and consumerism, the decline of traditional social institutions, the increasing diversity of communities, and the impact of new technologies.

There are a number of ways that we can overcome the challenges to building social capital in the 21st century, including investing in public spaces and community centers, promoting civic engagement and volunteerism, addressing economic inequality and residential segregation, and supporting community-based organizations.