Solid-state batteries employ various ceramic materials as solid electrolytes, including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and potassium-ion conductors.

Ceramic solid electrolytes offer several advantages, including higher ionic conductivity, improved safety due to non-flammability, and longer cycle life compared to liquid electrolytes.

Lithium metal is the most common anode material in solid-state batteries due to its high specific capacity and low electrochemical potential.

The primary challenge with lithium metal anodes is the formation of lithium dendrites, which can lead to internal short circuits and safety hazards.

Solid-state batteries employ various ceramic cathode materials, including lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium iron phosphate.

Ceramic cathodes offer several advantages, including higher energy density, improved stability, and longer cycle life compared to conventional metal oxide cathodes.

Fuel cells employ various ceramic materials as electrolytes, including yttria-stabilized zirconia, ceria, and gadolinia-doped ceria.

In a fuel cell, the electrolyte's primary function is to conduct oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode.

Fuel cells employ various ceramic materials as anodes, including nickel-yttria cermet, lanthanum strontium manganite, and copper-ceria cermet.

In a fuel cell, the anode's primary function is to oxidize hydrogen fuel, releasing electrons and protons.

Fuel cells employ various ceramic materials as cathodes, including lanthanum strontium manganite, perovskite oxides, and spinel oxides.

In a fuel cell, the cathode's primary function is to reduce oxygen, combining it with electrons and protons to form water.

Supercapacitors employ various ceramic materials as electrodes, including activated carbon, metal oxides, and conducting polymers.

Ceramic electrodes offer several advantages over conventional carbon electrodes, including higher energy density, improved power density, and longer cycle life.

Supercapacitors employ various ceramic materials as electrolytes, including aqueous electrolytes, organic electrolytes, and ionic liquids.