Observation is a method of assessment where the teacher directly observes and records student behavior in a natural setting, such as a classroom or a laboratory.

Formative assessment is primarily used to provide feedback to students and teachers so that they can identify areas where improvement is needed and make adjustments to teaching and learning strategies.

Portfolio assessment involves students creating a collection of their work over time, which can include various artifacts such as writing samples, projects, and presentations.

Summative assessment is typically conducted at the end of a unit or course and is used to make high-stakes decisions about students, such as determining grades or promotion.

Performance assessment involves students demonstrating their skills and knowledge through hands-on activities, such as creating a project, giving a presentation, or conducting an experiment.

Standardized testing is designed to measure student achievement against a common standard and is often used for making high-stakes decisions, such as determining eligibility for college or placement in special programs.

Self-assessment involves students reflecting on their own learning, identifying areas where they need to improve, and setting goals for improvement.

Peer assessment involves students providing feedback to each other on their work, which can help students identify areas where they need to improve and develop their critical thinking skills.

Written assessment involves students creating a written or oral response to a prompt, which can be used to assess their understanding of concepts, their ability to analyze and synthesize information, and their communication skills.

Authentic assessment is conducted in a real-world context and requires students to apply their knowledge and skills to solve problems or complete tasks that are relevant to their lives.

Graphic organizers are visual representations of learning that can help students organize and understand information, such as mind maps, concept maps, and flowcharts.

Diagnostic assessment is used to identify students' strengths and weaknesses so that teachers can provide targeted instruction and support.

Group assessment involves students working together to complete a task, which can help them develop their collaboration and communication skills.

Criterion-referenced assessment is based on a comparison of student performance to a predetermined standard, rather than to the performance of other students.

Technology-enhanced assessment involves students using technology to demonstrate their learning, such as creating digital presentations, simulations, or podcasts.