Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who developed the heliocentric model of the universe, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe.

The refracting telescope is a type of telescope that uses lenses to focus light. Galileo Galilei used a refracting telescope to make his observations of the planets.

Galileo Galilei discovered that the planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, they have moons, and they rotate on their own axes.

Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

The law of inertia is the first law of motion and it states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

The law of acceleration is the second law of motion and it states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

The law of action and reaction is the third law of motion and it states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The law of universal gravitation is the law that states that the force of attraction between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer who developed the three laws of planetary motion.

Kepler's First Law is the law that states that the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.

Kepler's Second Law is the law that states that a line connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.

Kepler's Third Law is the law that states that the square of the period of a planet's orbit is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

Nicolaus Copernicus is considered the father of modern astronomy because he developed the heliocentric model of the universe, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus published his heliocentric model of the universe in a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543.

Galileo Galilei was the first person to observe the moons of Jupiter in 1610.