Social anomie is a condition in which social norms and values are no longer effective in regulating individual behavior, leading to a sense of disorientation and uncertainty.

Emile Durkheim is credited with developing the concept of social anomie in his book 'Suicide' (1897).

Durkheim argued that rapid social change can disrupt social norms and values, leading to a state of anomie.

Durkheim believed that social anomie can lead to a variety of social problems, including increased crime and deviance, social unrest and political instability, and economic depression.

Merton's strain theory argues that anomie arises when there is a discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.

Merton's five modes of adaptation to anomie are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

Innovation involves finding illegitimate means to achieve culturally defined goals.

Ritualism involves focusing on the means to achieve goals, even when the goals themselves are no longer attainable.

Retreatism involves withdrawing from society and social goals altogether.

Rebellion involves actively challenging and seeking to change the social structure that produces anomie.

Social anomie can lead to a variety of social problems, including increased crime and deviance, social unrest and political instability, and economic depression.

Merton's strain theory has been criticized for being too deterministic, ignoring the role of social class and inequality, and being based on a narrow definition of anomie.

Contemporary theories of anomie often focus on the role of globalization, technological change, and economic inequality in producing social anomie.

Globalization theory, digital anomie theory, and neoliberal anomie theory are all examples of contemporary theories of anomie.

Theories of social anomie have been used to explain a variety of social phenomena, including crime and deviance, social unrest and political instability, and economic depression.