Land-based litter, including plastic bags, bottles, and straws, is the primary source of plastic pollution in the oceans, accounting for approximately 80% of all plastic waste.

Sea turtles are particularly vulnerable to entanglement in plastic debris, as they often mistake floating plastic bags for jellyfish, their primary food source.

Bioaccumulation refers to the process by which microplastics accumulate in the tissues of marine organisms, potentially causing adverse effects on their health and survival.

Eutrophication is a form of marine pollution caused by excessive nutrient enrichment, primarily from untreated sewage and wastewater, leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion in coastal waters.

Shipping accidents, including oil tanker spills, are the primary source of oil pollution in the oceans, accounting for approximately 30% of all oil spills.

MARPOL, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, is a comprehensive agreement that aims to prevent pollution of the marine environment from ships, including oil, chemicals, sewage, and garbage.

Ocean gyres are large-scale circular ocean currents that can transport marine pollutants over long distances, contributing to the accumulation of pollutants in remote areas.

Fish are the most commonly affected marine animals by the ingestion of microplastics, as they often mistake microplastics for food particles.

Biomagnification refers to the process by which marine pollutants, such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, accumulate and increase in concentration as they move up the food chain.

Ocean acidification is a form of marine pollution caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leading to a decrease in the pH of ocean waters and potential impacts on marine ecosystems.

Industrial waste, particularly from mining and manufacturing activities, is the primary source of heavy metal pollution in the oceans, as these metals can be released into the environment through wastewater discharge and atmospheric emissions.

UNFCCC, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is an international agreement that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change, which can contribute to ocean acidification and other adverse impacts on marine ecosystems.

Biodegradation refers to the process by which marine pollutants are broken down into simpler compounds by natural processes, such as the action of bacteria and other microorganisms.

Invasive species pollution refers to the introduction of non-native species into marine ecosystems, often through ballast water discharge from ships, which can disrupt native ecosystems and cause ecological imbalances.

Nuclear power plants are the primary source of radioactive pollution in the oceans, as they release radioactive isotopes into the environment through cooling water discharge and accidental releases.