Social movements are typically characterized by collective action, shared goals or grievances, and a spontaneous and unplanned nature. Formal organization is not a defining feature of social movements.

The 'New Social Movements' theory emphasizes the emergence of social movements based on identity, such as gender, ethnicity, race, and sexual orientation, rather than traditional class-based movements.

The Dalit Panthers was a social movement in India that emerged in the 1970s to address caste-based inequality and discrimination against Dalits (formerly known as untouchables).

The 'Right to Information' movement in India aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance by empowering citizens to access information held by public authorities.

The Narmada Bachao Andolan was a social movement in India that aimed to protect the environment and the rights of affected communities from the construction of large dams on the Narmada River.

Policy advocacy refers to the process by which social movements attempt to influence policy changes through various strategies, such as lobbying, public campaigns, and protests.

The Nirbhaya Movement was a social movement in India that emerged in response to the brutal gang rape and murder of a young woman named Nirbhaya in Delhi in 2012. It aimed to address gender inequality and violence against women.

Resource mobilization refers to the process by which social movements acquire and allocate resources, such as money, volunteers, and expertise, to support their activities and achieve their goals.

The Farmers' Protest in India was a social movement that emerged in 2020 to address economic inequality and the plight of farmers facing various challenges, including low crop prices and rising input costs.

Frame alignment refers to the process by which social movements construct and communicate their grievances and demands in a way that resonates with the public and policymakers.

The Anti-CAA Protests in India were a social movement that emerged in response to the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of 2019, which was seen as discriminatory against Muslims.

Coalition building refers to the process by which social movements form alliances and networks with other groups, organizations, and individuals to increase their collective strength and influence.

The Telangana Movement was a social movement in India that aimed to address regional inequality and the demand for a separate state of Telangana.

Impact assessment refers to the process by which social movements evaluate the effectiveness of their strategies and interventions in achieving their goals and addressing the issues they are concerned with.

The Language Rights Movement in India aimed to address linguistic inequality and promote the recognition and use of regional languages in education, administration, and public life.