Bonds are primarily issued by corporations and governments to raise funds for various purposes, such as business expansion, infrastructure development, or funding public projects.

Coupon bonds are characterized by regular interest payments made to bondholders throughout the life of the bond, typically semi-annually or annually.

Callable bonds allow the issuer to recall and repay the bond before its maturity date, while putable bonds allow the holder to sell the bond back to the issuer before maturity.

Bond rating agencies evaluate the creditworthiness of bond issuers and assign ratings that indicate the likelihood of default, which influences the interest rate and demand for the bonds.

Treasury bonds, issued by the U.S. government, are the most actively traded bonds in the secondary market due to their high liquidity and low risk profile.

A sinking fund is a dedicated account used to accumulate funds over time to repay the principal amount of a bond at maturity.

Strip bonds are a type of zero-coupon bond that represents the interest payments separated from the principal repayment of a coupon bond.

A bond is said to be trading at a premium when its market price is higher than its face value, while a bond trading at a discount has a market price lower than its face value.

A bond indenture is a legal document that outlines the terms and conditions of a bond issue, including the interest rate, maturity date, repayment schedule, and the rights and obligations of the bondholders.

Convertible bonds are a type of hybrid security that allows the holder to convert the bond into a specified number of shares of the issuing company's stock at a predetermined price.

Bond trading refers to the buying and selling of bonds in the secondary market, where bonds are traded between investors after their initial issuance.

Floating rate notes (FRNs) are a type of bond that has a variable interest rate that adjusts periodically, typically based on a reference rate such as LIBOR.

Total return on a bond investment refers to the sum of the interest payments received and the capital appreciation or depreciation experienced over the life of the bond.

Secured bonds are backed by a specific asset or revenue stream, which provides additional security to the bondholders in case of a default.

Bond valuation is the process of determining the fair value of a bond based on its future cash flows, including interest payments and the repayment of principal.