Florence, Italy, is often considered the birthplace of the Renaissance due to its significant contributions to art, literature, and science during this period.

Renaissance humanism emphasized the study of ancient Greek and Roman texts, leading to a renewed interest in classical literature, philosophy, and art.

Leonardo da Vinci is widely regarded as one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance, known for his iconic works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, creating one of the most iconic works of Renaissance art.

Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy, an epic poem that is considered one of the greatest works of Italian literature.

Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince, a political treatise that offered practical advice to rulers on how to maintain power.

The Copernican Revolution, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, challenged the geocentric model of the universe and placed the Sun at the center.

Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the universe, which placed the Sun at the center and revolutionized astronomy.

Galileo Galilei conducted experiments on falling objects and inclined planes, contributing to the development of modern physics.

Johannes Kepler formulated the laws of planetary motion, describing the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun.

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who observed the night sky and collected accurate data on the positions of stars and planets.

The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestantism.

Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, challenging the practices of the Catholic Church.

Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, becoming its Supreme Head.

Calvinism, named after John Calvin, emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God, becoming a significant branch of Protestantism.