Rockfill dams are constructed using loose rock and earth materials, and they rely on their weight and the interlocking of the materials for stability.

The primary function of a spillway is to control the flow of water over the dam during floods or heavy rainfall, preventing the dam from overtopping and failing.

Arch dams are known for their curved shape and ability to withstand high water pressure due to the arching action of the dam structure.

Weirs are used in rivers or channels to measure the flow rate of water, control the water level upstream, and divert water for irrigation or hydropower purposes.

Headgates are used to regulate the flow of water in a canal or channel by controlling the amount of water that enters the channel.

Stilling basins are used in hydraulic structures to dissipate the energy of flowing water, create a calm pool of water, and prevent erosion downstream of the structure.

Aqueducts are used to convey water over a valley or depression, often using a series of arches or pipes to support the water channel.

Siphons are used in hydraulic systems to lift water over an obstacle, such as a hill or a river, using the principle of atmospheric pressure.

Reservoirs are used to store water for irrigation or drinking purposes, often created by constructing a dam across a river or valley.

Turbines in hydroelectric power plants are used to generate electricity by converting the kinetic energy of flowing water into mechanical energy, which is then converted into electrical energy.

Levees are embankments constructed along the banks of a river or channel to control the flow of water during floods and prevent flooding in adjacent areas.

Penstocks are pipes or conduits used in hydroelectric power plants to convey water from the reservoir or intake to the turbine, providing the necessary pressure and flow rate for electricity generation.

Canals are artificial channels constructed to divert water from a river or channel for irrigation or water supply purposes, often used in agriculture and urban water distribution systems.

Gates are used in hydraulic structures to control the flow of water, such as regulating the flow rate, diverting water, or preventing flooding.

Weirs, flumes, orifices, and Venturi meters are all types of hydraulic structures used to measure the flow rate of water in a river or channel, each with its own specific design and application.