Coal-fired power plants are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, due to the combustion of coal for electricity generation.

Climate change can lead to extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, which can disrupt energy infrastructure and production, resulting in energy shortages and price volatility.

India has abundant solar energy potential due to its geographical location and high levels of solar insolation. Solar energy can be harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) systems and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are intermittent, meaning their availability varies depending on weather conditions. This intermittency poses challenges in grid integration and maintaining a reliable power supply.

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) are widely used in India to promote renewable energy development. RPS mandates that a certain percentage of electricity generated must come from renewable energy sources.

Energy efficiency measures, such as improving energy efficiency in buildings and industries, can reduce the demand for energy, thereby reducing the need for imported energy, enhancing grid stability, and mitigating environmental impacts.

The industrial sector is the largest energy consumer in India, accounting for a significant portion of the country's total energy demand.

The National Solar Mission aims to reduce India's dependence on fossil fuels by promoting the adoption and deployment of solar energy technologies.

Rajasthan has the highest installed capacity of solar energy in India, due to its favorable geographical conditions and supportive government policies.

Climate change can impact the availability of water for hydropower generation in different ways depending on the region and season. In some areas, it may lead to increased water availability due to more frequent and intense rainfall, while in others, it may result in decreased water availability due to droughts and reduced precipitation.

Tamil Nadu has the highest installed capacity of wind energy in India, due to its favorable wind resources and supportive government policies.

Developing offshore wind energy in India faces challenges such as high upfront investment costs, lack of skilled workforce, and environmental concerns related to marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

Himachal Pradesh has the highest installed capacity of hydropower in India, due to its abundant water resources and favorable geographical conditions.

Developing nuclear energy in India faces challenges such as high upfront investment costs, public concerns about safety, and the need for a skilled workforce.

Ladakh has the highest installed capacity of geothermal energy in India, due to its volcanic activity and favorable geological conditions.