Gene cloning is a technique used to create genetically modified organisms by introducing a specific gene or DNA fragment into a host organism.

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences, known as restriction sites.

Transformation is the process of introducing a foreign gene into a host organism by directly introducing the DNA into the cell.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are commonly used as vectors for cloning genes in bacteria.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence by making multiple copies of it.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric current to a gel containing the DNA.

Gene transfer is the process of transferring a gene from one organism to another.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds.

A transgenic organism is an organism that contains a foreign gene that has been introduced into its genome.

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence in a sample by transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a nitrocellulose membrane.

Cloning is the process of creating an exact copy of an organism.

DNA sequencing is a technique used to determine the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Transformation is the process of introducing a gene into a cell by directly introducing the DNA into the cell.

Western blotting is a technique used to detect the expression of a specific gene by separating proteins based on their size and then using antibodies to detect the presence of a specific protein.

Recombinant DNA technology is the process of creating a genetically modified organism by combining the genetic material of two different organisms.