The Upanishads are a collection of ancient Sanskrit texts that are considered to be the foundation of Hindu philosophy. They contain discussions on metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and other philosophical topics.

Arthur Schopenhauer, a 19th-century German philosopher, was deeply influenced by Indian philosophy, especially the Upanishads. He incorporated many Indian philosophical concepts into his own system of thought.

Advaita Vedanta, founded by Adi Shankara, emphasizes the concept of Brahman, the ultimate reality that is the source of all existence. It asserts that the individual soul (Atman) is identical with Brahman.

Rationalism, a prominent Western philosophical tradition, emphasizes the role of reason and logic in acquiring knowledge. It holds that certain truths can be known through reason alone, independent of experience.

Dharma in Indian philosophy encompasses moral duty, sacred law, and the cosmic order. It refers to the righteous path that individuals should follow to achieve spiritual liberation and maintain harmony in society.

Existentialism, a 20th-century Western philosophical tradition, explores human existence, freedom, and the search for meaning in life. It emphasizes the importance of individual experience and choice in shaping one's existence.

The concept of Karma from Indian philosophy influenced Western thought in various ways. It introduced the ideas of reincarnation, moral responsibility, and the law of cause and effect, which resonated with Western thinkers and contributed to the development of ethical and philosophical theories.

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, a Sanskrit phrase, translates to 'The world is one family.' It reflects the Indian philosophical concept that all living beings are interconnected and should be treated with compassion and respect.

Indian philosophy influenced Western psychology through the introduction of meditation practices, the exploration of concepts related to self and consciousness, and the development of transpersonal psychology, which integrates spiritual and psychological perspectives.

Maya in Indian philosophy refers to the concept of illusion or the veil of perception that obscures the true nature of reality. It is often associated with the idea that the material world is not ultimately real and that the true reality lies beyond the senses.

Empiricism, a prominent Western philosophical tradition, emphasizes the role of experience and observation in acquiring knowledge. It holds that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience and that reason alone cannot provide reliable knowledge.

The concept of Moksha from Indian philosophy influenced Western thought by introducing the idea of liberation or ultimate freedom from suffering and the cycle of rebirth. It resonated with Western thinkers and contributed to the development of spiritual and philosophical traditions that seek liberation from worldly attachments.

Ahimsa, a central concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in Jainism and Buddhism, emphasizes non-violence and compassion towards all living beings. It is the principle of causing no harm to others through thought, word, or action.

Indian philosophy influenced Western ethics through the introduction of virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism. It contributed to the development of ethical theories that emphasize the importance of virtues, duties, and the consequences of actions in determining moral rightness and wrongness.

Metaphysics, a branch of Western philosophy, explores the nature of reality, existence, and the fundamental principles of being. It seeks to answer questions about the ultimate nature of the universe, the relationship between mind and matter, and the existence of God.