The primary compressive strength requirement for masonry units, as specified in ASTM C90, is 15 MPa.

Clay bricks are a common choice for load-bearing walls due to their high compressive strength, durability, and fire resistance.

The typical mortar joint thickness in masonry construction is 10 mm, which provides adequate bond between the units and distributes loads evenly.

Running bond is a common bond pattern for structural walls as it provides good strength and stability by overlapping the vertical joints.

The maximum allowable compressive stress for unreinforced masonry walls is typically limited to 0.25 f'm, where f'm is the compressive strength of the masonry units.

Reinforced masonry walls can utilize steel bars, GFRP, or CFRP as reinforcement to enhance their strength and ductility.

Control joints are strategically placed in masonry walls to relieve stresses caused by thermal expansion and contraction, thereby preventing cracking.

Ashlar masonry, characterized by precisely cut and fitted stones, is commonly used for arches and domes due to its structural stability and aesthetic appeal.

Lintels are structural elements placed above openings in masonry walls to carry the load of the wall above and prevent collapse.

Rubblestone masonry, characterized by the use of irregular stones, is commonly used for retaining walls due to its stability and ability to withstand lateral earth pressures.

Weep holes are small openings in masonry walls that allow moisture to drain out, preventing water accumulation and potential damage to the wall.

Ashlar masonry, with its precisely cut and fitted stones, is commonly used for chimneys due to its ability to withstand high temperatures and resist cracking.

Flashing is a thin, waterproof material installed at critical locations in masonry walls to prevent water penetration and protect the structure from moisture damage.

Rubblestone masonry, with its irregular stones, is commonly used for garden walls due to its rustic appearance and ability to blend well with natural surroundings.