In Quantum Computing, the fundamental unit of information is called a Qubit, which can exist in a superposition of states, unlike the classical bit that can only be in a single state at a time.

Entanglement is the quantum mechanical phenomenon where two or more Qubits become correlated in such a way that the state of one Qubit cannot be described independently of the other.

The Hadamard Gate is a fundamental Quantum Gate that operates on a single Qubit and puts it into a superposition of states.

Shor's Algorithm is a Quantum Algorithm that can factor large numbers exponentially faster than any known classical algorithm, making it a potential threat to current cryptographic methods.

Decoherence is the primary challenge in building and maintaining Quantum Computers because it causes Qubits to lose their quantum properties and become classical bits.

Grover's Algorithm is a Quantum Algorithm designed to search an unsorted database with a time complexity of √N, providing a significant speedup compared to classical search algorithms.

Quantum Computing has potential applications in drug discovery, medical imaging, and personalized medicine, offering the possibility of faster drug development, more accurate diagnoses, and tailored treatments.

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a Quantum Algorithm designed to solve certain optimization problems more efficiently than classical algorithms, particularly in cases where the objective function is complex or non-convex.

Quantum Computing has potential applications in risk assessment, fraud detection, and portfolio optimization in the field of finance, offering the possibility of more accurate predictions, improved risk management, and enhanced investment strategies.

The Quantum Phase Estimation Algorithm is a Quantum Algorithm used to simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical algorithms, enabling the study of complex quantum phenomena and the development of new quantum technologies.

Quantum Computing has potential applications in materials design, offering the possibility of discovering new materials with enhanced properties, leading to advancements in fields such as energy storage, electronics, and catalysis.

The HHL Algorithm is a Quantum Algorithm used to solve linear systems of equations more efficiently than classical algorithms, particularly for large and sparse systems, offering potential applications in fields such as machine learning and data analysis.

Quantum Computing has potential applications in quantum key distribution, post-quantum cryptography, and quantum random number generation, offering the possibility of more secure communication, improved cryptographic algorithms, and enhanced security protocols.

Shor's Algorithm is a Quantum Algorithm used to factor large numbers exponentially faster than any known classical algorithm, offering potential applications in cryptography and number theory.

Quantum Computing has potential applications in quantum machine learning, quantum natural language processing, and quantum optimization, offering the possibility of more powerful and efficient AI algorithms, leading to advancements in fields such as image recognition, speech recognition, and natural language understanding.